A·poc·ry·pha ( …-p¼k“r…-f…) n. used with a sing. or pl. verb 1. Abbr. Apoc. Bible The 14 books of the Septuagint included in the Vulgate but considered uncanonical by Protestants because they are not part of the Hebrew Scriptures. The Roman Catholic canon accepts 11 of these books and includes them in the Douay Bible. See note at Bible . 2. Abbr. Apoc. Various early Christian writings proposed as additions to the New Testament but rejected by the major canons. 3. apocrypha Writings or statements of questionable authorship or authenticity. [Middle English apocripha not authentic from Late Latin Apocrypha the Apocrypha from Greek Apokrupha, neuter pl. of apokruphos secret, hidden from apokruptein to hide away apo- apo- kruptein kruph-to hide]

a·pos·tle ( …-p¼s“…l) n. 1. a. Apostle One of a group made up especially of the 12 disciples chosen by Jesus to preach the gospel. b. A missionary of the early Christian Church. c. A leader of the first Christian mission to a country or region. 2. Mormon Church One of the 12 members of the administrative council. 3. a. One who pioneers an important reform movement, cause, or belief: an apostle of conservation. b. A passionate adherent; a strong supporter. [Middle English from Old English apostol and from Old French apostle both from Late Latin apostolus from Greek apostolos messenger from apostellein to send off apo- apo- stellein to send; See stel- in Indo-European Roots.] a·pos “tle·hood” n. a·pos “tle·ship” n.

a·the·ist ( ³“th¶-¹st) n. 1. One that disbelieves or denies the existence of God or gods.

ag·nos·tic ( ²g-n¼s“t¹k) n. 1. One who believes that there can be no proof of the existence of God but does not deny the possibility that God exists. adj. 1. Relating to or being an agnostic. 2. Noncommittal: “ I favored European unity, but I was agnostic about the form it should take ” Henry A. Kissinger [ a- ¹ Gnostic ] ag·nos “ti·cal·ly adv.

Notes: An agnostic does not deny the existence of God and heaven, for example, but rather holds that one cannot know for certain if they exist or not. The term agnostic was fittingly coined by the 19th-century British scientist Thomas H. Huxley, who believed that only material phenomena were objects of exact knowledge. He made up the word from the prefix a-, meaning “ without, not, ” as in amoral, and the noun Gnostic. Gnostic is related to the Greek word gn ½sis, “ knowledge,” which was used by early Christian writers to mean “ higher, esoteric knowledge of spiritual things ”; hence, Gnostic referred to those with such knowledge. In coining the term agnostic, Huxley was considering as “ Gnostics” a group of his fellow intellectuals —“ists,” as he called them —who had eagerly embraced various doctrines or theories that explained the world to their satisfaction. Because he was a “ man without a rag of a label to cover himself with, ” Huxley coined the term agnostic for himself, its first published use being in 1870.

Ar·a·ma·ic ( ²r”…-m³“¹k) n. 1. A Semitic language, comprising several dialects, originally of the ancient Arameans but widely used by non-Aramean peoples throughout southwest Asia from the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. Also Called Aramean Also Called Chaldean . Ar ”a·ma“ic adj.

Ar·a·ma·ic ( ²r”…-m³“¹k) n. 1. A Semitic language, comprising several dialects, originally of the ancient Arameans but widely used by non-Aramean peoples throughout southwest Asia from the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. Also Called Aramean Also Called Chaldean . Ar ”a·ma“ic adj.

Bap·tist ( b²p“t¹st) n. 1. Abbr. Bap. Bapt. A member of an evangelical Protestant church of congregational polity, following the reformed tradition in worship, and believing in individual freedom, in the separation of church and state, and in baptism of voluntary, conscious believers. 2. baptist One that baptizes. [Middle English baptizer from Old French baptiste from Late Latin baptista from Greek baptºst¶s from baptizein to baptize; See baptize ] Bap “tist adj.

Bi·ble ( bº“b…l) n. 1. a. Abbr. B. Bib. The sacred book of Christianity, a collection of ancient writings including the books of both the Old Testament and the New Testament. b. Abbr. B. Bib. The Hebrew Scriptures, the sacred book of Judaism. c. A particular copy of a Bible: the old family Bible. d. A book or collection of writings constituting the sacred text of a religion. 2. Often bible A book considered authoritative in its field: the bible of French cooking. [Middle English from Old French from Late Latin biblia from Greek, pl. of biblion book, diminutive of biblos papyrus, book from Bublos Byblos]

can·on ¹ ( k²n“…n) n. Abbr. can. 1. An ecclesiastical law or code of laws established by a church council. 2. A secular law, rule, or code of law. 3. a. An established principle: the canons of polite society. b. A basis for judgment; a standard or criterion. 4. The books of the Bible officially accepted as Holy Scripture. 5. The works of a writer that have been accepted as authentic: the entire Sherlock Holmes canon. 6. Canon The part of the Mass beginning after the Preface and Sanctus and ending just before the Lord's Prayer. 7. The calendar of saints accepted by the Roman Catholic Church. 8. Music A composition or passage in which the same melody is repeated by one or more voices, overlapping in time in the same or a related key. [Middle English canoun from Old English canon and from Old French both from Latin can½n rule from Greek kan½n measuring rod, rule]

can·on ² ( k²n“…n) n. 1. A member of a chapter of priests serving in a cathedral or collegiate church. 2. A member of certain religious communities living under a common rule and bound by vows. [Middle English canoun from Norman French canun from Late Latin can½nicus one living under a rule from can½n rule; See canon ¹

cat·e·chism ( k²t“¹-k¹z”…m) n. 1. A book giving a brief summary of the basic principles of Christianity in question-and-answer form. 2. A manual giving basic instruction in a subject, usually by rote or repetition. 3. A body of fundamental principles or beliefs, especially when accepted uncritically: “ the core of the catechism of the antinuclear left, the notion that the threat to peace is technological, not political ” George F. Will 4. A close questioning or examination, as of a political figure. [French catechisme from Old French from Late Latin cat¶chismus from Late Greek kat¶khismos from kat¶khizein to teach by word of mouth; See catechize ]

Cat·e·chu·men ( k²t”¹-ky›“m…n) n. 1. One who is being taught the principles of Christianity. 2. One who is being instructed in a subject at an elementary level. [Middle English cathecumine from Old French catechumene from Latin cat¶ch¿menus from Greek kat¶khoumenos,present passive participle of kat¶kheinto instruct; See catechize ]

cath·o·lic ( k²th“…-l¹k, k ²th“l¹k) adj. 1. Of broad or liberal scope; comprehensive: “ The 100-odd pages of formulas and constants are surely the most catholic to be found ” Scientific American 2. Including or concerning all humankind; universal: “ what was of catholic rather than national interest ” J.A. Froude 3. Catholic Abbr. C. a. Of or involving the Roman Catholic Church. b. Of or relating to the universal Christian church. c. Of or relating to the ancient undivided Christian church. d. Of or relating to those churches that have claimed to be representatives of the ancient undivided church. n. Catholic Abbr. C. 1. A member of a Catholic church, especially a Roman Catholic. [Middle English catholik universally accepted from Old French catholique from Latin catholicus universal from Greek katholikos from katholou in general kat-, kata- down, along, according to; See cata- holou , from neuter genitive of holos whole; See sol- in Indo-European Roots.] ca·thol “i·cal·ly ( k…-th¼l“¹k-l¶) adv.

sol- . Important derivatives are: solid consolidate catholic solicitous solemn salute safe salvage salvo save ¹ Also sol …- Whole. I. Basic form *sol- . 1. Suffixed form *sol-ido- . SOLID ; CONSOLIDATE , from Latin solidus , solid. 2. Suffixed form *sol-wo- . HOLO- ; CATHOLIC , from Greek holos , whole. 3. Dialectal geminated form *soll-o- . a. SOLICITOUS , from Latin sollus , whole, entire, unbroken; b. SOLEMN , from Latin sollemnis (second element obscure), celebrated at fixed dates (said of religious rites), established, religious, solemn. II. Variant form *sol …-. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form sl …-u- giving *sal-u- . SALUBRIOUS , SALUTARY , SALUTE , from Latin sal ¿s, health, a whole or sound condition. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form *s §…-wo- giving *sala-wo- . SAFE , SAGE ² , SALVAGE , SALVO , SAVE ¹ , SAVE ² , from Latin salvus , whole, safe, healthy, uninjured. [ Pokorny solo- 979. ]

Catholic University of America 1. Washington, DC 20064; Private; 2,975

Chal·ce·don ( k²l“s¹-d¼n”, k ²l-s¶d“n) 1. An ancient Greek city of northwest Asia Minor on the Bosporus near present-day Istanbul. It was founded in 685 B.C. and passed to Rome in A.D. 74.

Chris·tian ( kr¹s“ch…n) adj. 1. Professing belief in Jesus as Christ or following the religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus. 2. Relating to or derived from Jesus or Jesus's teachings. 3. Manifesting the qualities or spirit of Jesus; Christlike. 4. Relating to or characteristic of Christianity or its adherents. 5. Showing a loving concern for others; humane. n. Abbr. Chr. 1. One who professes belief in Jesus as Christ or follows the religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus. 2. One who lives according to the teachings of Jesus. [Middle English Cristen from Old English cristen from Latin Christi³nus from Greek Khristianos from Khristos Christ; See Christ ] Chris “tian·ly adj. adv.

com·mun·ion ( k…-my›n“y…n) n. 1. The act or an instance of sharing, as of thoughts or feelings. 2. Religious or spiritual fellowship. 3. A body of Christians with a common religious faith who practice the same rites; a denomination. 4. Communion a. The sacrament of the Eucharist received by a congregation. b. The consecrated elements of the Eucharist. c. The part of the Mass or a liturgy in which the Eucharist is received. [Middle English communioun Christian fellowship, Eucharist from Old French communion from Late Latin comm¿nio comm¿ni½n-from Latin mutual participation from comm¿nis common; See common

Con·stan·tine ( k¼n“st…n-t¶n”, kô ’-st²’-t¶n“) 1. A city of northeast Algeria east of Algiers. It was founded by Carthaginians and was the capital and commercial center of Numidia. Destroyed in warfare in A.D. 311, it was rebuilt by Constantine I and named in his honor. Population, 344,454.

Coptic Church n. 1. The Christian church of Egypt, adhering to the Monophysite doctrine.

cre·a·tion ( kr¶-³“sh…n) n. 1. a. The act of creating. b. The fact or state of having been created. 2. The act of investing with a new office or title. 3. a. The world and all things in it. b. All creatures or a class of creatures. 4. Creation Theology The act of God by which the world was brought into existence. Often used with the. 5. An original product of human invention or artistic imagination: the latest creation in the field of computer design. cre·a “tion·al adj.

cyn·ic ( s¹n“¹k) n. 1. A person who believes all people are motivated by selfishness. 2. Cynic A member of a sect of ancient Greek philosophers who believed virtue to be the only good and self-control to be the only means of achieving virtue. adj. 1. Cynical. 2. Cynic Of or relating to the Cynics or their beliefs. [Latin cynicus Cynic philosopher from Greek kunikos from ku½n kun-dog; See kwon- in Indo-European Roots.]

Notes: A cynic may be pardoned for thinking that this is a dog's life. The Greek word kunikos, from which cynic comes, was originally an adjective meaning “ doglike,” from ku ½n, “ dog.” The word was most likely applied to the Cynic philosophers because of the nickname ku ½n given to Diogenes of Sinope, the prototypical Cynic. He is said to have performed such actions as barking in public, urinating on the leg of a table, and masturbating on the street. The first use of the word recorded in English, in a work published from 1547 to 1564, is in the plural for members of this philosophical sect. In 1596 we find the first instance of cynic meaning “ faultfinder,” a sense that was to develop into our modern sense. The meaning “ faultfinder” came naturally from the behavior of countless Cynics who in their pursuit of virtue pointed out the flaws in others. Such faultfinding could lead quite naturally to the belief associated with cynics of today that selfishness determines human behavior.

kwon- . Important derivatives are: cynic hound dachshund canary canine kennel ¹ Dog. I. 1. CYNIC ; CYNOSURE , PROCYON , QUINSY , from Greek ku ½n, dog. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form *kw ö-to-. a. HOUND , from Old English hund , dog; b. DACHSHUND , from Old High German hunt , dog; c. KEESHOND , from Middle Dutch hond , dog. a, b, and c all from Germanic *hundaz . 3. Nominative form *kw ½. CORGI , from Welsh ci , dog. 4. Variant *kan-i- . CANAILLE , CANARY , CANICULAR , CANINE , CHENILLE , KENNEL ¹ , from Latin canis , dog. [ Pokorny k øon- 632. ]

de·ism ( d¶“¹z”…m) n. 1. The belief, based solely on reason, in a God who created the universe and then abandoned it, assuming no control over life, exerting no influence on natural phenomena, and giving no supernatural revelation. [French déisme from Latin deus god; See deiw- in Indo-European Roots.] de “ist n. de·is “tic adj. de·is “ti·cal·ly adv.

Di·as·po·ra ( dº-²s“p…r-…) n. 1. The dispersion of Jews outside of Israel from the sixth century B.C. , when the Jews were exiled to Babylonia, until the present time. 2. Often diaspora The body of Jews or Jewish communities outside Palestine or modern Israel. 3. diaspora A dispersion of an originally homogeneous people. 4. diaspora A dispersion of an originally homogeneous entity, such as a language or a culture: “ the diaspora of English into several mutually incomprehensible languages ” Randolph Quirk [Greek diaspora dispersion from diaspeirein to spread about dia- apart; See dia- speirein to sow, scatter; See sper- in Indo-European Roots.]

sper- . Important derivatives are: sprawl sprout spurt spread Diaspora sperm ¹ spore sporadic spray ¹ To strew. I. Zero-grade form *spr- . 1. SPRAWL , from Old English spr ¶awlian, to sprawl, from Germanic *spr- . 2. Extended form *spreud- . a. SPROUT , from Old English spr ¿tan, to sprout; b. SPRITZ , SPRITZER , from Middle High German sprützen , to spurt, spray; c. SPRIT , from Old English spr ¶ot, pole ( < “ sprout, stem ”); d. BOWSPRIT , from Middle Low German b ½chspr¶t, bowsprit. a, b, c, and d all from Germanic *spr ¿t-. 3. Extended form *spreit- . SPRAY ² , SPREAD , from Old English -spr Ædan, to spread, from Germanic *spraidjan . II. Basic form *sper- . 1. Suffixed form *sper-yo- . DIASPORA , from Greek speirein , to scatter, with derivative spora , a scattering, sowing (see III. 1 .). 2. Suffixed form *sper-m ö. SPERM ¹ , from Greek sperma , sperm, seed ( < “ that which is scattered ”). III. O-grade form *spor- . 1. Suffixed form *spor- ³-. SPORE , SPORO- , from Greek spora , a sowing, seed. 2. Suffixed form *spor- öd-. SPORADIC , from Greek sporas (stem sporad- ), scattered, dispersed. IV. Extended Germanic root *spr ¶(w)-. SPRAY ¹ , from Middle Dutch spraeien , sprayen , to sprinkle, from Germanic *spr ¶wjan.[ Pokorny 2. (s)p(h)er- 993. ]

dis·ci·ple ( d¹-sº“p…l) n. 1. a. One who embraces and assists in spreading the teachings of another. b. An active adherent, as of a movement or philosophy. 2. Often Disciple One of the 12 original followers of Jesus. 3. Disciple A member of the Disciples of Christ. [Middle English from Old English discipul and from Old French desciple both from Latin discipulus pupil from discere to learn; See dek- in Indo-European Roots.] dis·ci “ple·ship” n.

dek- . Important derivatives are: decent doctor doctrine document dogma paradox decorate dainty dignity disdain indignant disciple discipline To take, accept. I. 1. Suffixed (stative) form *dek- ¶-. DECENT , from Latin dec ¶re, to be fitting ( < “ to be acceptable ”). 2. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *dok-eye- . a. DOCENT , DOCILE , DOCTOR , DOCTRINE , DOCUMENT , from Latin doc ¶re, to teach ( < “ to cause to accept ”); b. DOGMA , ( DOGMATIC ); DOCETISM , DOXOLOGY , HETERODOX , ORTHODOX , PARADOX , from Greek dokein , to appear, seem, think ( < “ to cause to accept or be accepted ”). 3. Suffixed form *dek-es- . a. ( DéCOR ), DECORATE , from Latin decus , grace, ornament; b. DECOROUS , from Latin decor , seemliness, elegance, beauty. 4. Suffixed form *dek-no- . DAINTY , DEIGN , DIGNITY , CONDIGN , DIGNIFY , DISDAIN , INDIGN , ( INDIGNANT ), ( INDIGNATION ), from Latin dignus , worthy, deserving, fitting. 5. Reduplicated form *di-dk-ske- . DISCIPLE , ( DISCIPLINE ), from Latin discere , to learn. 6. ( DOWEL ), PANDECT , SYNECDOCHE , from Greek dekhesthai , to accept. 7. DIPLODOCUS , from Greek dokos , beam, support. [ Pokorny 1. de ç- 189.

Es·sene ( µs“¶n”, ¹ -s¶n“) n. 1. A member of an ascetic Jewish sect that existed in ancient Palestine from the second century B.C. to the second century A.D. Es·se “ni·an ( µ-s¶“n¶-…n) or Es·sen “ic ( µ-sµn“¹k) adj. Es·se “nism n.

Eu·cha·rist ( y›“k…r-¹st) n. 1. a. A sacrament and the central act of worship in many Christian churches, which was instituted at the Last Supper and in which bread and wine are consecrated and consumed in remembrance of Jesus's death; Communion. b. The consecrated elements of this rite; Communion. 2. Christian Science Spiritual communion with God. [Middle English eukarist from Old French eucariste from Late Latin eucharistia from Greek eukharistia from eukharistos grateful, thankful eu- eu- kharizesthai to show favor( from kharis grace) ;See gher- ² in Indo-European Roots.] Eu ”cha·ris“tic or Eu ”cha·ris“ti·cal adj.

gher- ² . Important derivatives are: yearn greedy exhort charisma To like, want. I. 1. Suffixed form *gher-n- . YEARN , from Old English giernan , gyrnan , to strive, desire, yearn, from Germanic *gernjan . 2. Possibly extended form *ghr ¶-. a. GREEDY , from Old English gr Ædig, hungry, covetous, greedy, from Germanic *gr ¶digaz, hungry, formed from *gr ¶duz, hunger; b. CATACHRESIS , CHRESARD , CHRESTOMATHY , from Greek khr ¶sthai, to lack, want, use, from khr ¶, it is necessary. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form *gh —-to-. HORTATIVE ; EXHORT , from Latin hort ³rº, to urge on, encourage ( < “ to cause to strive or desire ”). 4. Suffixed zero-grade form *gh —-i-. CHARISMA ; EUCHARIST , from Greek kharis , grace, favor. 5. Suffixed zero-grade form *gh —-yo-. CHERVIL , from Greek khairein , to rejoice, delight in. [ Pokorny 1. ª her- 440. ]

for·give·ness ( f…r-g¹v“n¹s, fôr- ) n. 1. The act of forgiving; pardon.

gen·tile ( jµn“tºl”) n. 1. Often Gentile One who is not of the Jewish faith or is of a non-Jewish nation. 2. Often Gentile A Christian. 3. A pagan or heathen. 4. Often Gentile Mormon Church A non-Mormon. adj. 1. Of or relating to a Gentile. 2. Of or relating to a gens, tribe, or people. 3. Grammar Expressing national or local origins. [Middle English gentil from Late Latin gentºlis pagan from Latin of the same clan; See gentle ]

Gnos·ti·cism ( n¼s“t¹-s¹z”…m) n. 1. The doctrines of certain pre-Christian pagan, Jewish, and early Christian sects that valued the revealed knowledge of God and of the origin and end of the human race as a means to attain redemption for the spiritual element in human beings and that distinguished the Demiurge from the unknowable

Gnos·tic ( n¼s“t¹k) adj. 1. gnostic Of, relating to, or possessing intellectual or spiritual knowledge. 2. Of or relating to Gnosticism. n. 1. A believer in Gnosticism. [Late Latin Gn½sticus a Gnostic from Late Greek Gn½stikos from Greek gn½stikos concerning knowledge from gn½sis knowledge; See gnosis ]

gos·pel ( g¼s“p…l) n. 1. Often Gospel The proclamation of the redemption preached by Jesus and the Apostles, which is the central content of Christian revelation. 2. a. Gospel Bible One of the first four books of the New Testament, describing the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus and recording his teaching. b. A similar narrative. 3. Often Gospel A lection from any of the first four books of the New Testament included as part of a religious service. 4. A teaching or doctrine of a religious teacher. 5. Music Gospel music. 6. Something, such as an idea or a principle, accepted as unquestionably true: The teacher said it, and that made it gospel. n. attributive. 1. Often used to modify another noun: a gospel meeting; a gospel singer. [Middle English from Old English g½dspel (ultimately translation of Greek euangelion) ;See evangel g ½d good; See good spel news]

greed ( gr¶d) n. 1. An excessive desire to acquire or possess more than what one needs or deserves, especially with respect to material wealth: “ Many . . . attach to competition the stigma of selfish greed ” Henry Fawcett [Back-formation from greedy ]

He·brew ( h¶“br›) n. Abbr. Heb. Hebr. 1. A member or descendant of a northern Semitic people, claiming descent from Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; an Israelite; a Jew. 2. a. The Semitic language of the ancient Hebrews. b. Any of the various later forms of this language, especially the language of the Israelis. 3. Hebrews used with a sing. verb Bible See note at Bible . [Middle English Ebreu from Old French from Latin Hebraeus Hebraic from Greek Hebraios from Aramaic ‘ibray from Hebrew ‘ibrî] He “brew adj.

Hel·le·nis·tic ( hµl”…-n¹s“t¹k) also Hel·le·nis·ti·cal ( -t¹-k…l) adj. 1. Of or relating to the Hellenists. 2. Of or relating to postclassical Greek history and culture from the death of Alexander the Great to the accession of Augustus. a. Relating to or in the style of the Greek art or architecture of this period.

her·e·sy ( hµr“¹-s¶) n. pl. her·e·sies 1. a. An opinion or a doctrine at variance with established religious beliefs, especially dissension from or denial of Roman Catholic dogma by a professed believer or baptized church member. b. Adherence to such dissenting opinion or doctrine. 2. a. A controversial or unorthodox opinion or doctrine, as in politics, philosophy, or science. b. Adherence to such controversial or unorthodox opinion. [Middle English heresie from Old French from Late Latin haeresis from Late Greek hairesis from Greek a choosing, faction from hair¶isthai to choose, middle voice of hairein to take]

ho·ly ( h½“l¶) adj. ho·li·er ho·li·est 1. Belonging to, derived from, or associated with a divine power; sacred. 2. Regarded with or worthy of worship or veneration; revered: a holy book. 3. Living according to a strict or highly moral religious or spiritual system; saintly: a holy person. 4. Specified or set apart for a religious purpose: a holy place. 5. Solemnly undertaken; sacrosanct: a holy pledge. 6. Regarded or deserving special respect or reverence: The pursuit of peace is our holiest quest. 7. Informal Used as an intensive: raised holy hell over the mischief their children did. [Middle English holi from Old English h³lig;See kailo- in Indo-European Roots.] ho “li·ly adv. ho “li·ness n.

kailo- . Important derivatives are: whole wholesome health heal holy hallow Whole, uninjured, of good omen. I. 1. a. HALE ¹ , WHOLE , from Old English h ³l, hale, whole; b. WHOLESOME , from Old English *h ³lsum ( > Middle English holsom ), wholesome; c. ( HAIL ² ); WASSAIL , from Old Norse heill , healthy. a, b, and c all from Germanic *hailaz . 2. HEALTH , from Old English h Ælth, health, from Germanic *hailith ½. 3. HEAL , from Old English h Ælan, to heal, from Germanic *hailjan . 4. a. HOLY , from Old English h ³lig, holy, sacred; b. HALLOW , from Old English h ³lgian, to consecrate, bless, from Germanic derivative verb *hailag ½n. Both a and b from Germanic *hailagaz .[ Pokorny kai-lo- 520.

Je·sus ( j¶“z…s) n. 1. A teacher and prophet who lived in the first century of this era and whose life and teachings form the basis of Christianity. Christians believe Jesus to be Son of God and the Christ. 2. Christian Science “ The highest human corporeal concept of the divine idea ” (Mary Baker Eddy). [Middle English from Late Latin I¶sus from Greek I¶sous from Hebrew Y¶šû²‘ from Yµhôšû²‘ Joshua]

Jes·u·it ( jµzh“›-¹t, j µz“›-, -y ›-) n. 1. Roman Catholic Church A member of the Society of Jesus, an order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534. 2. Often jesuit One given to subtle casuistry. [French Jésuite from Jésus Jesus from Late Latin I¶sus;See Jesus ] Jes ”u·it“i·cal adj. Jes ”u·it“i·cal·ly adv.

John ² ( j¼n) n. Abbr. Jn. Bible 1. A book of the Bible. See note at Bible .

John , Saint Known as “ the Evangelist ” or “ the Divine. ” fl. first century A.D. 1. One of the 12 Apostles and the brother of James the Great. He is traditionally considered the author of the fourth Gospel, three epistles, and the Book of Revelation.

Kyr·i·e ( kîr“¶-³”) n. 1. A brief petition and response used in various liturgies of several Christian churches, beginning with or composed of the words “ Lord, have mercy. ” 2. A musical setting of this petition and response, usually forming the first movement of a Mass. [Late Latin from Greek Kurie ele¶son Lord, have mercy Kurie, vocative of kurios lord, master; See keu …- in Indo-European Roots. ele¶son,aorist imperative of elein to show mercy( from eleos mercy) ]

keu …-. Important derivatives are: cave cavern concave excavate cumulus accumulate church To swell; vault, hole. I. O-grade form *kou …-. 1. Basic form *kou …- becoming *kaw- . CAVE , CAVERN , CAVETTO , CAVITY ; CONCAVE , EXCAVATE , from Latin cavus , hollow. 2. Suffixed form *kow-ilo- .( -CELE ² ), CELIAC , -COEL , COELOM , from Greek koilos , hollow. 3. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *k ½w-o-. CODEINE , from Greek k ½os, hollow place, cavity. II. Zero-grade form *k ¿- ( < *ku …-). 1. Suffixed shortened form *ku-m-olo . CUMULATE , CUMULUS ; ACCUMULATE , from Latin cumulus , heap, mass. 2. Basic form *k ¿-. a. suffixed form *k ¿-ro-, “ swollen,” strong, powerful. CHURCH , ( KIRK ), KYRIE , from Greek kurios (vocative kurie ), master, lord; b. suffixed form *kuw-eyo- . CYMA ; PSEUDOCYESIS , from Greek kuein , to swell, and derivative kuma ( < *k ¿-mö), “ a swelling, ” wave; c. suffixed form *en-k ¿-yo- ( *en , in; see en- ). ENCEINTE ¹ ; from Latin inci ¶ns, pregnant. [ Pokorny 1. ç eu- 592. ]

lie ² ( lº) n. 1. A false statement deliberately presented as being true; a falsehood. 2. Something meant to deceive or give a wrong impression. v. lied ly·ing ( lº“¹ng) lies v. intr. 1. To present false information with the intention of deceiving. 2. To convey a false image or impression: Appearances often lie. v. tr. 1. To cause to be in a specific condition or affect in a specific way by telling falsehoods: You have lied yourself into trouble. [Middle English from Old English lyge; See leugh- in Indo-European Roots.]

Synonyms: lie equivocate fib palter prevaricate The central meaning shared by these verbs is “ to evade or depart from the truth ”: a witness who lied under oath; didn't equivocate about her real purpose in coming; fibbed to escape being scolded; paltering with an irate customer; didn't prevaricate but answered forthrightly and honestly.

Ma·sa·da ( m…-sä“d…, -tsä-dä “) 1. An ancient mountaintop fortress in southeast Israel on the southwest shore of the Dead Sea. In A.D. 73, after a two-year siege, members of the Zealot Jewish sect committed mass suicide rather than surrender to the Romans.

Mark n. Abbr. Mk 1. Bible See note at Bible . 2. In Arthurian legend, a king of Cornwall who was the husband of Iseult and the uncle of her lover Tristan.

Mark , Saint 1. Author of the second Gospel in the New Testament and disciple of Saint Peter.

Luke ( l›k) n. Abbr. Lk Bible 1. A book of the Bible. See note at Bible .

Luke , Saint First century A.D. 1. Companion of Saint Paul and author of the third Gospel of the New Testament. He is considered the patron saint of painters and physicians.

mass ( m²s) n. 1. A unified body of matter with no specific shape: a mass of clay. 2. A grouping of individual parts or elements that compose a unified body of unspecified size or quantity: “ Take mankind in mass, and for the most part, they seem a mob of unnecessary duplicates ” Herman Melville 3. A large but nonspecific amount or number: a mass of bruises. 4. The principal part; the majority: the mass of the continent. 5. The physical volume or bulk of a solid body. 6. Abbr. m Physics The measure of the quantity of matter that a body or an object contains. The mass of the body is not dependent on gravity and therefore is different from but proportional to its weight. 7. An area of unified light, shade, or color in a painting. 8. Pharmacology A thick, pasty mixture containing drugs from which pills are formed. 9. masses The body of common people or people of low socioeconomic status. Used with the. v. tr. intr. massed mass·ing mass·es 1. To gather or be gathered into a mass. adj. 1. Of, relating to, characteristic of, directed at, or attended by a large number of people: mass education; mass communication. 2. Done or carried out on a large scale: mass production. 3. Total; complete: The mass result is impressive. [Middle English masse from Old French from Latin massa from Greek maza; See mag- in Indo-European Roots.]

Mass also mass ( m²s) n. 1. a. Public celebration of the Eucharist in the Roman Catholic Church and some Protestant churches. b. The sacrament of the Eucharist. 2. A musical setting of certain parts of the Mass, especially the Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Benedictus, and Agnus Dei. [Middle English masse from Old English mæsse from Vulgar Latin *messa from Late Latin missa from Latin, feminine past participle of mittere to send away, dismiss]

mag- . Important derivatives are: make mason match ¹ mingle among mongrel magma mass amass Also mak- To knead, fashion, fit. I. 1. a. (i) MAKE , from Old English macian , to make; (ii) MASON , from Old French masson , mason; (iii) MAQUILLAGE , from Middle Dutch maken , to make. (i), (ii) , and (iii) all from Germanic verb *mak ½n, to fashion, fit; b. MATCH ¹ , from Old English gemæcca , mate, spouse, from Germanic compound noun *ga-mak-(j) ½n-, “ one who is fitted with (another) ” ( *ga- , with, together; see kom ). Both a and b from Germanic *mak- . 2. a. MINGLE , from Old English mengan , to mix; b. AMONG , MONGREL , from Old English gemang , mixture, crowd ( ge- , together; see kom ). Both a and b from Germanic nasalized form *mangjan , to knead together. 3. Suffixed form *mak-yo- . MAGMA , from Greek magma , unguent, from massein (aorist stem mag- ), to knead. 4. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *m ³g-ya-. MASS ; ( AMASS ), MAZAEDIUM , from Greek maza , a (kneaded) lump, barley cake. 5. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *m ³k-ero-. MACERATE , from Latin m ³cer³re, to tenderize, to soften (food) by steeping. [ Pokorny ma ª- 696, 2. m ³k- 698, men( …)k- 730. ]

Mat·thew ( m²th“y›) n. Abbr. Matt. Mt Bible 1. A book of the Bible. See note at Bible .

Matthew , Saint First century A.D. 1. One of the 12 Apostles and the traditionally accepted author of the first Gospel of the New Testament.

Mes·si·ah ( m¹-sº“…) n. 1. Also Mes·si·as ( m¹-sº“…s) The anticipated deliverer and king of the Jews. 2. Also Messias Jesus. 3. messiah A leader who is regarded as or professes to be a savior or liberator. [Middle English Messias, Messie from Old French Messie from Late Latin Messº³s from Greek from Aramaic mµšî¡/â or Hebrew m³š²¡/ the anointed, messiah]

Messiah College 1. College Avenue, Grantham, PA 17027; Private; 2,259

Meth·od·ist ( mµth“…-d¹st) n. 1. A member of an evangelical Protestant church founded on the principles of John and Charles Wesley in England in the early 18th century and characterized by active concern with social welfare and public morals. 2. methodist One who emphasizes or insists on systematic procedure. Meth ”od·is“tic adj.

Methodist College 1. 5400 Ramsey Street, Fayetteville, NC 28311; Private; 1,293

Methodist College 1. 5400 Ramsey Street, Fayetteville, NC 28311-1499; Private; 1,293

mon·o·lith·ic ( m¼n”…-l¹th“¹k) adj. 1. Constituting a monolith: a monolithic sculpture. 2. Massive, solid, and uniform: the monolithic proportions of Stalinist architecture. 3. Constituting or acting as a single, often rigid, uniform whole: a monolithic worldwide movement. mon ”o·lith“i·cal·ly adv.

Mor·mon ( môr“m…n) Mormon Church n. 1. An ancient prophet who appeared to Joseph Smith and imparted to him a sacred history of the Americas, which Smith translated and published as the Book of Mormon in 1830. 2. A member of the Mormon Church. In this sense, also called Latter-day Saint . adj. 1. Of or relating to the Mormons, their religion, or the Mormon Church. Mor “mon·ism n.

New Testament n. Bible 1. Abbr. New Test. NT N.T. The Gospels, Acts, Pauline and other Epistles, and the Book of Revelation, together viewed by Christians as forming the record of the new dispensation belonging to the Church. 2. The Gospels, Acts, Epistles, and the Book of Revelation, together viewed by Christians as forming the record of the new dispensation belonging to the Church. See note at Bible .

Old Testament n. Abbr. OT O.T. 1. Bible The first of the two main divisions of the Christian Bible, corresponding to the Hebrew Scriptures. See note at Bible . 2. The covenant of God with Israel as distinguished in Christianity from the dispensation of Jesus constituting the New Testament.

on·ver·sion ( k…n-vûr“zh…n, -sh …n) n. 1. a. The act of converting. b. The state of being converted. 2. A change in which one adopts a new religion, faith, or belief. 3. Something that is changed from one use, function, or purpose to another. 4. Law a. The unlawful appropriation of another's property. b. The changing of real property to personal property or vice versa. 5. The exchange of one type of security or currency for another. 6. Logic The interchange of the subject and predicate of a proposition. 7. Football A score made on a try for a point or points after a touchdown. 8. Psychiatry A defense mechanism in which repressed ideas, conflicts, or impulses are manifested by various bodily symptoms, such as paralysis or breathing difficulties, that have no physical cause. [Middle English conversioun religious conversion from Old French conversion from Latin conversi½ conversi½n-a turning around from conversus, past participle of convertere to turn around; See convert ] con·ver “sion·al or con·ver “sion·ar”y ( -zh…-nµr”¶, -sh …-) adj.

or·tho·dox ( ôr“th…-d¼ks”) adj. 1. Adhering to the accepted or traditional and established faith, especially in religion. 2. Adhering to the Christian faith as expressed in the early Christian ecumenical creeds. 3. Orthodox a. Of or relating to any of the churches or rites of the Eastern Orthodox Church. b. Of or relating to Orthodox Judaism. 4. Adhering to what is commonly accepted, customary, or traditional: an orthodox view of world affairs. n. 1. One that is orthodox. 2. Orthodox A member of an Eastern Orthodox church. [Middle English orthodoxe from Old French from Late Latin orthodoxus from Late Greek orthodoxos Greek ortho- ortho-Greek doxa opinion( from dokein to think) ;See dek- in Indo-European Roots.] or “tho·dox”ly adv.

dek- . Important derivatives are: decent doctor doctrine document dogma paradox decorate dainty dignity disdain indignant disciple discipline To take, accept. I. 1. Suffixed (stative) form *dek- ¶-. DECENT , from Latin dec ¶re, to be fitting ( < “ to be acceptable ”). 2. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *dok-eye- . a. DOCENT , DOCILE , DOCTOR , DOCTRINE , DOCUMENT , from Latin doc ¶re, to teach ( < “ to cause to accept ”); b. DOGMA , ( DOGMATIC ); DOCETISM , DOXOLOGY , HETERODOX , ORTHODOX , PARADOX , from Greek dokein , to appear, seem, think ( < “ to cause to accept or be accepted ”). 3. Suffixed form *dek-es- . a. ( DéCOR ), DECORATE , from Latin decus , grace, ornament; b. DECOROUS , from Latin decor , seemliness, elegance, beauty. 4. Suffixed form *dek-no- . DAINTY , DEIGN , DIGNITY , CONDIGN , DIGNIFY , DISDAIN , INDIGN , ( INDIGNANT ), ( INDIGNATION ), from Latin dignus , worthy, deserving, fitting. 5. Reduplicated form *di-dk-ske- . DISCIPLE , ( DISCIPLINE ), from Latin discere , to learn. 6. ( DOWEL ), PANDECT , SYNECDOCHE , from Greek dekhesthai , to accept. 7. DIPLODOCUS , from Greek dokos , beam, support. [ Pokorny 1. de ç- 189. ]

pas·sion ( p²sh“…n) n. 1. A powerful emotion, such as love, joy, hatred, or anger. 2. a. Ardent love. b. Strong sexual desire; lust. c. The object of such love or desire. 3. a. Boundless enthusiasm: His skills as a player don't quite match his passion for the game. b. The object of such enthusiasm: soccer is her passion. 4. An abandoned display of emotion, especially of anger: He's been known to fly into a passion without warning. 5. Passion a. The sufferings of Jesus in the period following the Last Supper and including the Crucifixion. b. A narrative, musical setting, or pictorial representation of Jesus's sufferings. 6. Archaic Martyrdom. 7. Archaic Passivity. [Middle English from Old French from Medieval Latin passi½ passi½n-sufferings of Jesus or a martyr from Late Latin physical suffering, martyrdom, sinful desire from Latin an undergoing from passus, past participle of patºto suffer; See p ¶(i)- in Indo-European Roots.]

Synonyms: passion fervor fire zeal ardor These nouns all denote powerful, intense emotion. Passion is a deep, overwhelming emotion: “ an ardent, generous, perhaps an immoderate passion for fame ” (Edmund Burke). “ There is not a passion so strongly rooted in the human heart as envy ” (Richard Brinsley Sheridan). The term may signify sexual desire but can also refer to anger: “ He flew into a violent passion and abused me mercilessly ” (H.G. Wells). Fervor is great warmth and intensity of feeling: “ The union of the mathematician with the poet, fervor with measure, passion with correctness, this surely is the ideal ” (William James). Fire is burning passion: “ In our youth our hearts were touched with fire ” (Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.). Zeal is strong, enthusiastic devotion to a cause, an ideal, or a goal and tireless diligence in its furtherance: “ his fervent zeal for the interests of the state ” (Macaulay). “ We are sometimes stirred by emotion and take it for zeal ” (Thomas à Kempis). Ardor is fiery intensity of feeling: “ the furious ardor of my zeal repressed ” (Charles Churchill). feeling

p ¶(i)-. Important derivatives are: fiend passion passive patient compassion Also p ¶-, p º- To hurt. Contracted from *pe …(i)-. I. 1. Suffixed (participial) form *p º-ont- ( < *pi …-ont-). FIEND , from Old English f ¶ond, f ºond, enemy, devil, from Germanic *f ºjand-, hating, hostile. 2. Possibly *p ¶- in suffixed zero-grade *p …-to-. PASSIBLE , PASSION , PASSIVE , PATIENT ; COMPASSION , from Latin pat º, to suffer. [ Pokorny p ¶(i)- 792. ]

Paul ( pôl), Saint A.D. 5?-67? 1. Apostle to the Gentiles whose life and teachings are set forth in his epistles and the Acts of the Apostles. Paul “ine ( -ºn, - ¶n) adj.

Peter , Saint Died c. A.D. 67 1. The chief of the 12 Apostles. He is traditionally regarded as the first bishop of Rome.

pseud·e·pig·ra·pha ( s›”d¹-p¹g“r…-f…) pl.n. 1. Spurious writings, especially writings falsely attributed to biblical characters or times. 2. A body of texts written between 200 B.C. and A.D. 200 and spuriously ascribed to various prophets and kings of Hebrew Scriptures. [Greek, from neuter pl. of pseudepigraphos falsely ascribed pseud¶s false; See pseudo- epigraphein to inscribe( epi- epi-) ( graphein to write) ;See gerbh- in Indo-European Roots.] pseud ”e·pig“ra·phal ( -r…-f…l) or pseud ”ep·i·graph“ic ( s›”dµp-¹-gr²f“¹k) or pseud ”ep·i·graph“i·cal ( -¹-k…l) or pseud ”e·pig“ra·phous ( -r…-f…s) adj.

Qum·ran ( k‹m-rän“) also Khir·bet Qumran ( kîr“bµt) 1. An ancient village of Palestine on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea in the West Bank east of Jerusalem. It is noted for the caves in which the Dead Sea Scrolls were found.

Sep·tu·a·gint ( sµp“t›-…-j¹nt”, s µp-t›“…-j…nt, -ty ›“-) n. 1. A Greek translation of the Old Testament made in the third century B.C. [Latin septu³gint³ seventy (from the traditional number of its translators) septem seven; See sept © in Indo-European Roots. -gint ³ ten times; See dek © in Indo-European Roots.]

Sin ¹ ( s¹n) n. 1. A transgression of a religious or moral law, especially when deliberate. 2. Theology a. Deliberate disobedience to the known will of God. b. A condition of estrangement from God resulting from such disobedience. 3. Something regarded as being shameful, deplorable, or utterly wrong. See note at offense . v. intr. sinned sin·ning sins 1. To violate a religious or moral law. 2. To commit an offense or a violation. [Middle English sinne from Old English synn; See es- in Indo-European Roots.]

sin ² ( s¶n, s ¹n) n. 1. The 21st letter of the Hebrew alphabet. See note at alphabet . [Hebrew ïîn]

sin ³ abbr. Mathematics 1. Sine.

Ste·phen ( st¶“v…n), Saint Died c. A.D. 36 1. Christian protomartyr who, according to tradition, was stoned to death after his defense of Christianity before the Sanhedrin.

steal ( st¶l) v. stole ( st½l) sto·len ( st½“l…n) steal·ing steals v. tr. 1. To take (the property of another) without right or permission. 2. To get or effect surreptitiously or artfully: steal a kiss; stole the ball from an opponent. 3. To move, carry, or place surreptitiously. 4. To draw attention unexpectedly in (an entertainment), especially by being the outstanding performer: The magician's assistant stole the show with her comic antics. 5. Baseball To advance safely to (another base) during the delivery of a pitch, without the aid of a base hit, walk, passed ball, or wild pitch. v. intr. 1. To commit theft. 2. To move, happen, or elapse stealthily or unobtrusively. 3. Baseball To steal a base. n. 1. The act of stealing. 2. Slang A bargain.

Idioms: steal (someone's) thunder 1. To use, appropriate, or preempt the use of another's idea, especially to one's own advantage and without consent by the originator. [Middle English stelen from Old English stelan] steal “er n.

Synonyms: steal purloin filch snitch pilfer cop hook swipe lift pinch These verbs mean to take another's property wrongfully, often surreptitiously. Steal is the most general: stole a car; stealing a few moments for relaxation; research that was stolen by a colleague. To purloin is to make off with something, often in a breach of trust: purloined the key to his safe-deposit box. Filch and snitch often suggest that what is stolen is of little value, while pilfer sometimes connotes theft of or in small quantities: filched an ashtray from the restaurant; snitch a handkerchief; strawberries pilfered from the farmer. Cop, hook, and swipe frequently connote quick, furtive snatching or seizing: copped a necklace from the counter; planning to hook a fur coat; swiped a magazine from the doctor's waiting room. To lift is to pick or take something up surreptitiously and keep it for oneself: The pickpocket lifted my wallet. Pinch suggests stealing something by or as if by squeezing it between the thumb and the fingers: went into the study and pinched a dollar bill.

syn·op·tic ( s¹-n¼p“t¹k) also syn·op·ti·cal ( -t¹-k…l) adj. 1. Of or constituting a synopsis; presenting a summary of the principal parts or a general view of the whole. 2. a. Taking the same point of view. b. Often Synoptic Relating to or being the first three gospels of the New Testament, which correspond closely. [Greek sunoptikos from sunopsis general view; See synopsis ] syn·op “ti·cal·ly adv.

Thom·as ( t¼m“…s), Augustus . 1857-1934 1. American playwright whose works include The Capital (1895) and The Witching Hour (1907).

Thom·as ( t¼m“…s), Saint 1. One of the 12 Apostles. According to the New Testament, he doubted that Jesus had risen from the dead until he saw the wounds.

Tithe ( tºth) n. 1. a. A tenth part of one's annual income contributed voluntarily or due as a tax, especially for the support of the clergy or church. b. The institution or obligation of paying tithes. 2. A tax or an assessment of one tenth. 3. a. A tenth part. b. A very small part. v. tithed tith·ing tithes v. tr. 1. To contribute or pay a tenth part of (one's annual income). 2. To levy a tithe on. v. intr. 1. To pay a tithe. [Middle English from Old English t¶otha;See tenth ] tith “a·ble ( tº“th…-b…l) adj. tith “er n.

To·rah also to·rah ( tôr“…, t ½r“…, toir “…, tô-rä “) n. Judaism 1. The entire body of religious law and learning including both sacred literature and oral tradition. 2. A scroll of parchment containing the first five books of the Hebrew Scriptures, used in a synagogue during services. 3. The first five books of the Hebrew Scriptures. See note at Bible . [Hebrew tôrâ law, instruction]

To·rah also to·rah ( tôr“…, t ½r“…, toir “…, tô-rä “) n. Judaism 1. The entire body of religious law and learning including both sacred literature and oral tradition. 2. A scroll of parchment containing the first five books of the Hebrew Scriptures, used in a synagogue during services. 3. The first five books of the Hebrew Scriptures. See note at Bible . [Hebrew tôrâ law, instruction]

vul·gate ( v¾l“g³t”, -g ¹t) n. 1. The common speech of a people; the vernacular. 2. A widely accepted text or version of a work. 3. Vulgate Abbr. Vulg. Vul. The Latin edition or translation of the Bible made by Saint Jerome at the end of the fourth century A.D. , now used in a revised form as the Roman Catholic authorized version. [Medieval Latin Vulg³ta from Late Latin vulg³ta (¶diti½) popular (edition) from Latin, feminine past participle of vulg³reto make known to all from vulgus the common people]